18 Century Inventions & Industry

Inventions:

• Pinwheel Calculator
• "The operation of machines of this type was accomplished by means of pulling levers or knobs to set up the desired number. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division were accomplished by means of revolving drums.  

Fahrenheit Scale:

• The temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736)

• It was replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries during the mid to late 20th century, but it is still the official scale for the United States, Cayman Islands, and Belize.
•  standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in English-speaking countries until the 1960's.

• Alcohol Thermometer
• The alcohol thermometer was the earliest, efficient, modern style instrument of temperature measurement.
• unlike mercury-in-glass thermometer, the contents of an alcohol thermometer are less toxic and will evaporate away fairly quickly

• Credited to Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1709 

 

• Mercury Thermometer 
• The mercury thermometer was invented in 1724
• Consists of mercury in a glass tube
• Calibrated marks on the tube allow the temperature to be read by the length of the mercury within the tube, which varies (nearly linearly) according to the temperature of the mercury.
• To increase the sensitivity, there is usually a bulb of mercury at the end of the thermometer which contains most of the mercury; expansion and contraction of this volume of mercury is then amplified in the much narrower bore of the tube.
• The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be less than atmospheric pressure, also known as a vacuum.

Industrialization

• The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social. economic and cultural conditions of the times.
• Starting in the later part of the 18th century,there began a transition in manual labor economy towards a machine-based manufacturing economy.
• Between 1750 and 1815, only 7% of the German population live in cities. Life in the villages changed, however. Agriculture production became more intensive and large scale (to produce raw materials for the rural industry) and as a result, the number of farmers without land grew. Towns with rural industry grew and provided much work. World trade and politics became more influential in the every-day life of the villagers.
• The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution by 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum.

• Textile Industry
• At this time, Germany's main industry was primarily concerned with the production of yarn and cloth. 
• During the 18th Century, the textile industry grew to an industry of mass production.
• In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. SIlk, wool, fustian (cotton and low-quality wool mixed together,) and linen were being overshadowed by cotton, which was becoming the most important textile. This set the foundations for the changes.
• FACT: The United States would actually raise the cotton and export it out to European countries and cloth would be produced from this cotton.

• Negative Effects
• Along with advances in technology, there was an overall downfall in the economic and cultural situation of the people. Growth of cities were one of the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Many people were driven to the cities to look for work.
• With the new industrial age, the new quantitative and materialistic view of the world took place. This caused the need for people to consume as much as they could without having the means to support their new habits. People were living on small wages that required small children to work in factories for long days in order to keep up with their new lifestyle. 

Source #1 November 7, 2011
Source #2 November 7, 2011
Source #3 November 7, 2011
Source #4 November 7, 2011

My Reviews On My Classmates Blogs

Genders - Poets/Writers - Rulers/Government - Music/Dance - Inventions/Inventors/Industry - Average(%)

Anderson, Randall J-90-90-90-90-92-90.4%

Balcome, Angela M-85-85-85-88-90-86.6%

Baudhuin, Morgan T-78-78-78-70-78-76.4%

Braun, Nicholas A-90-80-80-80-70-80%

Clark-Hedlof, Brett N-85-80-0-0-0-33%

Conant, Joshua S-0-0-0-0-0-0%

Cox, Timothy J-80-88-89-85-92-86.8%

Dehn, Matthew G-90-88-75-98-70-84.2%

Drays, Laura L-98-96-97-98-98-97.4%

Gillespie, Brooke C-98-96-97-98-98-97.4%

Goyette, Thomas E-95-0-0-0-95-38%

Gu, Zhen-70-80-90-70-98-81.6%

Gysberg, Kevin M-80-0-0-98-95-54.6%

Harp, Lacey N-80-91-90-80-98-87.8%

Hua, YunFei-80-91-90-80-98-87.8%

Klasons, Jekabs K-0-0-98-0-0-19%

Kreuger, Kristin N-98-96-95-95-90-94.8%

Leavitt, Danika E-98-98-93-98-98-97%

Monson, Thomas J-90-90-0-95-80-71%

Niehoff, Robert J-80-88-90-95-95-89.6%

Niyomchat, Pattarapong-98-98-98-98-98-98%

Oberle, Robert A-90-98-98-98-98-96.4%

Riebe, Monica A-0-0-0-0-0-0%

Scherer, Miranda D-92-90-95-92-80-89.8%

Schurr, Jennifer R-98-0-0-0-0-19.6%

Shaw, Douglas E-80-80-95-90-98-88.6%

Strong, Sarah J-0-0-0-0-0-0%

Vang, Starsha N-90-95-90-90-98-92.6%

Vroman, Amber L-0-98-95-95-98-77.2%

Zhang, Hui-98-98-98-98-98-98%

18th Century Music and Dance

Viennese Waltz

Viennese Waltz Video

 Viennese Waltz (German:Wiener Walzer) is the oldest of the current ballroom dances. It emerged in the second half of the 18th century from the German dance and the Ländler in Austria and was both popular and subject to criticism. The Waltzen, as written in a magazine from 1799, is performed by dancers who held on to their long gowns to prevent them from dragging or being stepped on. The dancers would lift their dresses and hold them high like cloaks and this would bring both their bodies under one cover. This action also required the dancers' bodies to be very close together and this closeness also attracted moral disparagement. Wolf published a pamphlet against the dance entitled "Proof that Waltzing is the Main Source of Weakness of the Body and Mind of our Generation" in 1797.

. It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or "waltz" position. The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz, danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar (the international standard of 30 measures per minute), while the Viennese Waltz is danced at about 180 beats (58-60 measures) a minute. To this day however, in Germany, Austria, Scandinavia, and France, the words Walzer (German for "waltz"), still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz.

Landler

The ländler is a folk dance in 3/4 time which was popular in Austria, south Germany and German Switzerland at the end of the 18th century.
It is a dance for couples which strongly features hopping and stamping. It was sometimes purely instrumental and sometimes had a vocal part, sometimes featuring yodeling.

Landler Dance-Sound of Music Play

Source #1 November 30, 2011
Source #2 November 30, 2011
Source #3 November 30, 2011
Source #4 November 30, 2011

Link to Randy's Page
Link to Danika's Page
Link to Kristin's Page
Link to Jennifer's Page
Link to Matt's Page
Link to Jekabs' Page
Link to Tom's Page

German Rulers & Government- 19th Century

"Germany, as a country, did not exist until 1871.  Before then, the area that would become Germany consisted of a number of independent states varying in size and power, ranging from kingdoms and grand duchies to principalities, cities and ecclesiastical states.  The first half of the nineteenth century, before the American Civil War, was a very turbulent time for this area of Europe." (Source, November 16, 2011)

1806 - Napoleon's armies impose French rule over much of Germany; Francis II declares abolition of Holy Roman Empire and adopts title of emperor of Austria.

Napoleon:

Francis II

1813 - Defeat of Napoleon at Battle of Leipzig.

Battle of Leipzig

1848 - Year of Revolutions; failure of liberals' attempt to unite Germany under democratic constitution; start of period of rapid industrialization.  

1871 - Otto von Bismarck achieves unification of Germany under leadership of Prussia; new German Empire's authoritarian constitution creates elected national parliament (Reichstag) but gives Kaiser (emperor) extensive powers.

Otto von Bismarck

1888 - Start of Wilhelm II's reign; start of trend towards colonial expansion and build-up of German navy to compete with Britain's; rapid growth of Germany's economic power.

 Wilhelm II

1890 - Growing workers' movement culminates in founding of Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). 

Source #1 11/16/2011 
Source #2 11/16/11
Source #3 11/16/11
Source #4 11/16/11

Berlin Calling

1. What do drugs mean to Ickarus?
     In some way drugs mean nothing to Ickarus, but in another he relies on them so much. They make up who he is. Without them he feels as if he is not as good of an artist. After being sober and on medication for a little while Ickarus ends up making the best music he has ever made.

2. Why, when, and how are his fans taking drugs, and which drugs do they take?
     His fans are taking drugs at all times of the day. They will wake up in the morning and go party. They are not only at the club doing drugs while Ickarus is performing, they are doing it everywhere they are and at any time of day. Although, it  did seem that his fans were using more drugs at his performances that during the day.

3. While we can see that his drug habits get him ill and into a psychosis, and while we witness his relapse and inability to work successfully, why does the subculture Ickarus is in focus on drugs?
     This is a difficult question overall. The subculture is what it is. The techno-music brings out the inner person people want to be and want to feel like. To enhance this the people in this subculture take drugs. Drugs to this subculture seem like a way to escape from reality more or less.

4. Compare the standards you know from your home society with the people you see depicted in this movie. Which are the stark differences and contrasts?
    Some things that really stuck out to me was that this movie shows a lot of sexual scenes, but does not keep the viewer involved in the scene for very long because the purpose is not to be romantic, it is simply to show reality. American movies and shows today would never show two men having intercourse even if it were  a rated "R" movie. In America it is not as accepted as it seems in Germany. I also cannot imagine there being that crazy of a club in America where people are easily able to do drugs and have sex out in the open in the club bathroom. That, however, is me being naive. I know there are these things out there but there is so much shown in Berlin Calling that I hardly ever see in the movies and shows made in America.

5. Germany is considered a strong industrial nation the world over. Do you think that the youth culture as depicted here could change that? How about work ethics of Ickarus and of Alice, the label director who fires and then re-signs him?
     The youth shown here like they are going in the wrong direction for holding onto their strong industrial nation. But with selling drugs,  there has to be something good in the economics department for all of the underground/illegal selling of drugs. The work ethic of Ickarus shows that he believes in what he does and has a passion for his music. Ickarus shows what you could have if you followed your dreams. He also shows how things can go downhill fast. Alice shows a lot of responsibility while still doing things that aren't very good for her, but in moderation. The label-director is definitely a person who believes in second chances. The problem with her is that she gave a very unreliable person a second chance. Also, you can tell that they only reason why she hired him back on is because she knew she would make a lot of money off of his brand new album.

6. Which similar "cult movies" of US origin have you seen, if any?
     I don't believe I have ever seen one, but after hearing some of you talk about Cult movies in class, I remembered "Rocky Horror." I have not seen the original, but I did watch some kind of  reenactment on the TV series Glee.

(661 WORDS)

Poets & Writers 19th Century

German Romanticism had a great movement in the 19th Century in Germany, but didn't come around until after the English went in a more romantic direction.
German writing in the 19th Century was known for its valuing humor, wit, and beauty.

The German romantics tried to create a new synthesis of art, philosophy, and science, looking to the middle ages as a more integrated period.

Three Types of 19th Century German Literature

• Gothic Fiction
• Elements
• Virginal Maiden: young, beautiful, pure, innocent, kind, virtuous. Older, Foolish Woman: portrays the woman as weak and completely submissive. Hero:  he is witty, and successfully challenges the tyrant, saves the virginal maid without expectations. Tyrant:  Tries to put his blame onto others. Stupid Servant: acts as comic relief by asking seemingly stupid questions, transitions between scenes, brings news, messenger, moves plot forward. Clowns:  break the tension and act as comic relief.  Rebels: Most likely a thief or kidnapper. Clergy: always weak, usually evil. Setting: A character in itself. The plot is usually set in a castle, an abbey, a monastery, or some other, usually religious edifice, and it is acknowledged that this building has secrets of its own. It is this gloomy and frightening scenery, which sets the scene for what the audience should expect.

• Writers and their work
• Horace Walpole- Castle of Otranto- Known as the possible first Gothic Romance with many unbelievable supernatural elements.

• Clara Reeve-best known for The Old English Baron (1778). Clara was set to take Warpole's plot and adapt it to the elements of the 18th century realism. She also tried to make the supernatural event more believable than Walpole's.

• Romanticism (Romantic Period)-Focused on traveling, nature, and ancient myths.
• Writers and their work
• E.T.A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann (The Sandman)-1817

• Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff's Das Marmorbild (The Marble Statue)-1819
• Both The Sandman and The Marble Statue were darker than previous romantic ones and also involved some Gothic elements.

• Grimm's Fairy Tales
• collection of German origin fairy tales first published in 1812 by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. 
• The first volumes were much criticized because, although they were called "Children's Tales", they were not regarded as suitable for children, both for the scholarly information included and the subject matter. Many changes through the editions – such as turning the wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother. They removed sexual references, such as Rapunzel's innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly, and thus naïvely revealing her pregnancy and the prince's visits to her stepmother—but, in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was increased.
  
  • In 1825 the Brothers published their "small edition," (a selection of 50 tales) designed for child readers. This children's version went through ten editions between 1825 and 1858.

• Naturalism: Was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality.
• Characteristics
• Pessimism- Very often, one or more characters will continue to repeat one line or phrase that tends to have a pessimistic connotation, sometimes emphasizing the inevitability of death.
• Detachment- By creating nameless characters. This puts the focus on the plot and what happens to the character, rather than the characters themselves.
• Determinism, the idea that individual characters have a direct influence on the course of their lives is supplanted by a focus on nature or fate.
• Another common characteristic is a surprising twist at the end of the story.

• Writers and their work
• Ernest Hemingway-was a very known author for Naturalism but was only born in the 19th century. There was no work of his that was actually done in the 19th century.

Link to Nick's Blog here
Link to Monica's Blog here
Link to Kristin's Blog here
Link to Jekab's Blog here
Link to Doug's Blog here
Link to Tom's Blog here
Link to Brett's Blog here

Source #1 11/9/11

Source #2 11/9/11

Source #3 11/9/11
Source #4 11/9/11
Source #5 11/9/11

Gender Roles in Society (18th Century)

Gender roles during the 18th century generally were brought up from Christian ideology and contemporary science. This left the people to think that these gender roles were meant to be this way because that is how we were created or evolved to be from the very beginning of time.

The Men In Germany of the 18th Century were the main source of income and they made all final decisions. They were allowed to vote, buy land/properties, they could run for elections, and they could get a better education than women.

Some jobs men would do would be carpenters, millers, blacksmiths, gunsmiths, locksmiths, clock makers, cabinet makers, etc. They were unique talents rather than what the women were able to be apart of.

Women of the 18th Century in Germany were of a lower class than the men.  Primarily their job was to take care of the household and the children while the man would go and earn the income.  Jobs that they could get involved in were being a nurse in the military, prostitution, and some were able to manage farms and shops if they were lucky.
Women in the United States were about 15% of the work force and they made up one-third of the factory operators. Although, there were women in the factories in the U.S, there were more women having a more gentle occupation, such as teaching, dressmaking and tailoring. Most teachers in the 18th century were female. Even though these are the most common places you could find women working in the 18th century, there was always a slight chance you could find them where men did because when their husbands are gone for war, they would sometimes take over the business their husband normally would have been managing.

Besides Germany and the United States, there were differences in gender roles in other countries such as France and England.

In France, women had no property rights. Men had the task of completing activities, outside of the household, in order to earn extra income. Women were seen as fragile, and remained at the home to care for the children and tend to the upkeep of the home. Lower class women stayed in the home and often worked around the farm milking cows. Even women stayed in privileged positions were often held back from independent action by traditional cultural and social norms of behavior.

In England, under the common law of England, an unmarried woman could own property, make a contract, sue and be sued, but once she is married the woman is defined as being one with her husband.  The woman would give up her name and virtually all of her property would go under his control.

The Enlightenment was a sprawling intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and social movement that spread through England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe during the 1700s.”  At that time, the opportunity for education expanded but decreased in quality.  During the enlightenment, education was shown to be very important.  Women in the high and middle class were offered an education, but it definitely was not as high of an education as a man.  Enlightenment thinkers believed that Science and Philosophy were for men.  So women were given training in areas that were going to help their husbands and families. Things like music, drawing, singing and painting were taught to the women.  Women began working as productive laborers with the family around the age of six or seven.  Most of the time, that meant working light farm labor, in agricultural areas. If the family lived in an urban setting, women could find low-level, low-wage jobs in many industries.  This kind of work, for both men and women, was harsh, cruel and paid less than most jobs.  In general, women's lives were oriented around the running of the household rather than the entire family.  The women's marriage and children were put behind the household. 

Link to Kristin's Blog here
Link to Hui's Blog here
Link to Danika's Blog here
Link to Jennifer's Blog here
Link to Amber's Blog here
Link to Jekab's Blog here
Link to Randall's Blog here

Sources:
Source One (October 17, 2011)
Source Two (October 17, 2011)
Source Three (October 17, 2011)

Source Four (October 18, 2011)